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Africa: Climate Justice for Africa – 3 Legal Routes for Countries That Suffer the Most Harm

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Climate change lawsuits have become a new way for countries to assert their rights against actions that degrade the environment. But African countries have yet to fully exploit this route.
In the Netherlands, the court found that greenhouse gas emissions breached the rights to life and private and family life that are protected by the European Convention on Human Rights.
In Germany, the court found that the government had breached the Climate Protection Act by not setting out a plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions after 2030. This meant that future generations would unfairly bear the burden of trying to limit climate change.
Africa is the continent that’s most vulnerable to the impact of climate change. At the same time, it has contributed least in the world to greenhouse gas emissions.
Read more: Women battle when trying to take climate change cases to court – South Africa and Nigeria study shows why
However, African countries have not taken up many climate court cases, mainly because they lack resources. They are also hampered by weak climate laws, limited expertise to gather and present evidence in court, and their economic reliance on extractive industries which they may not want to sue in court.
One of the few African climate lawsuits was brought by the South African environmental justice group EarthLife Africa Johannesburg. It took the country’s environment ministry to court to cancel the government’s approval of new coal-fired power plants. The Pretoria high court held that the approval was unlawful because it had failed to consider how new coal-fired power stations would make climate change worse.
Another case was filed in 2020 by civil society groups that sued the governments of Uganda and Tanzania over the East African Crude Oil Pipeline for breaching human rights and damaging the environment. The East African Court of Justice dismissed the case after the activists missed the deadline to file documents. The groups have appealed against the dismissal, but this highlights some of the difficulties in bringing international climate litigation.
In May 2025, the Pan African Lawyers’ Union asked the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights for an advisory opinion (still to be issued) on the obligations of African states to protect human rights in a time of climate crisis. This case was brought in collaboration with the Africa Climate Platform, the Environmental Lawyers Collective for Africa, Natural Justice, resilient40, and other environmental justice organisations.
I am an environmental justice researcher who examines how ecocentrism (valuing the entire interests of ecosystems over human interests or individual companies interests) can be taken forward in African legal systems.
I argue that Africa should use three key international legal routes to amplify its voice in litigating against climate change.
1. The International Court of Justice
In December 2024, the International Court of Justice agreed for the first time to provide an advisory opinion on what states are obliged to do to fight climate change and set out the legal consequences for states that do not meet these obligations.
In late 2024, the court accepted inputs from countries that had already been affected by climate change. These included members of the Organisation of Africa, Caribbean and Pacific States and the African Union, and South Africa, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia and Senegal. The court will hand down the opinion in late 2025.
Read more: Historic climate change advisory: what the case before the International Court of Justice might mean
Even though International Court of Justice advisory opinions are not legally binding, these proceedings were a milestone. They provided African countries with a good platform to raise their demands about the obligations of countries to protect the climate system in this time of global warming.
2. International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
In June 2023, the African Union submitted a written statement in support of the request made by the Commission of Small Island States on Climate Change and International Law. The island states had asked the tribunal to set out how governments were obliged by the international marine treaty to prevent, reduce and control marine pollution caused by greenhouse gas emissions.
This was the first time the tribunal had formally considered the impacts of climate change on the marine environment. The African Union relied on important international environmental legal principles in its statement. These include the duty to avoid polluting the atmosphere and to prevent harm that takes place across borders.
These principles have been used by different countries in lawsuits previously. These cases form the legal basis for many climate lawsuits today.
The tribunal’s advisory opinions are not legally binding, but they also contribute to the development of international law, and again, could be useful for Africa to assert a strong, unified legal voice in the global fight for climate justice.
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3. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
This 1992 convention has been ratified by many African states. It is a central international legal framework that guides global action on climate change. It has been the foundation for many international agreements on how governments will prevent climate change.
African countries will need to include international climate change agreements into their laws and policies. Not all African countries have climate change laws. Countries with climate change laws include Nigeria, Uganda and South Africa. More must follow.
Read more: South African communities vs Shell: high court victories show that cultural beliefs and practices count in climate cases
Africa lacks the resources to prevent the worst effects of climate change and recover from the damage caused by global warming.
African countries must now take climate lawsuits forward to demand accountability, shape climate policies and safeguard the future.
By embracing regional mechanisms like the African court, using international legal instruments, and developing national climate laws, Africa can assert a strong, unified legal voice in the global fight for climate justice.
Oluwabusayo Wuraola, Lecturer in Law, Anglia Ruskin University
This article is republished from The Conversation Africa under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
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Africa: Updated WHO Manuals Released to Help Countries Strengthen Foodborne Disease Surveillance and Response

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Timely detection and effective response to foodborne diseases are essential to protect public health and prevent local events from escalating into wider emergencies. To support countries in strengthening these capacities, the World Health Organization has released updated editions of its full set of manuals on strengthening surveillance of and response to foodborne diseases.
The updated manuals provide practical, structured guidance for building, assessing, and strengthening national foodborne disease surveillance and response systems. Together, they form a coherent package that supports countries at different stages of development, from establishing foundational surveillance functions to advancing integrated surveillance across the food chain.
A coherent framework for strengthening national systems
The manuals introduce a three-stage framework that guides countries in developing surveillance and response systems that are fit for purpose, sustainable, and aligned with international expectations. The framework supports progressive system strengthening, starting with core detection and response capacities and advancing toward the integration of data across public health, food safety, laboratory, animal health, and environmental sectors.
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Across all stages, the manuals emphasize clear roles and responsibilities, multisectoral collaboration, and the use of surveillance data to inform timely risk assessment, response, and prevention activities.
Practical guidance for action
Each manual includes practical tools that national authorities can use to assess current capacities, identify gaps, and plan priority actions. These include self-assessment instruments, decision trees, templates, field investigation tools, and case studies drawn from real-world experience.
The updated editions place greater emphasis on equity, data use, and the linkage between foodborne disease surveillance and food contamination monitoring. They also reflect emerging priorities, including the growing influence of climate and environmental factors on foodborne risks and the need for adaptable surveillance systems that can respond to changing contexts.
Supporting data-driven decision-making
Stronger surveillance and response systems improve the quality, timeliness, and use of data for public health decision making, supporting earlier detection of events, more reliable risk assessments, effective outbreak investigations, and the translation of evidence into prevention and control measures.
The updated manuals are designed to work alongside existing World Health Organization guidance on specific tools and approaches for foodborne disease surveillance and response, including whole genome sequencing as a tool to strengthen foodborne disease surveillance and response. Such tools can add value at different points along the surveillance pathway, particularly as systems mature. The manuals emphasize that advanced methods are most effective when built on strong foundational capacities, and provide the system-level framework within which countries can consider, adopt, and sustainably integrate approaches such as genomic sequencing in line with their context, priorities, and readiness.
For countries working to strengthen their foodborne disease surveillance systems, the updated manuals provide tools to develop a practical roadmap for action, supporting national efforts to reduce the burden of foodborne diseases and protect population health.
“These updated manuals reflect the strong collaboration, collective work, and shared expertise of members of the WHO Alliance for Food Safety and partners across sectors. They provide countries with practical guidance to strengthen foodborne disease surveillance and response, support integrated approaches across the food chain, and translate data into timely action to better protect public health.”
Dr Intisar Salim Al-Gharibi, Director, Risk Assessment and Food Crisis Management
Food Safety and Quality Centre, Oman
Co-Chair, Working Group on Foodborne Disease Surveillance Integration, WHO Alliance for Food Safety
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“Addressing foodborne diseases is critical for protecting public health, and these updated manuals provide guidance to countries to strengthen core capacities for foodborne disease surveillance and response required under the International Health Regulations and aligned with the WHO Global Strategy for Food Safety.”
Mr Yahya Kandeh, Technical Officer, Food Safety
Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Ethiopia
Co-Chair, Working Group on Foodborne Disease Surveillance Integration, WHO Alliance for Food Safety
Read all the manuals on strengthening surveillance of and response to foodborne diseases here:
Read the original article on WHO.
AllAfrica publishes around 400 reports a day from more than 120 news organizations and over 500 other institutions and individuals, representing a diversity of positions on every topic. We publish news and views ranging from vigorous opponents of governments to government publications and spokespersons. Publishers named above each report are responsible for their own content, which AllAfrica does not have the legal right to edit or correct.
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Africa: Morocco Beat Nigeria On Penalties to Set Up Senegal Final At Cup of Nations

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Morocco beat Nigeria in a penalty shootout on Wednesday night in Rabat to advance to the final of the 2025 Africa Cup of Nations.
A game dominated by the hosts from the outset ended 0-0 after the regulation 90 minutes and 30 minutes of extra-time.
Morocco goalkeeper Yassine Bounou saved shootout strikes from Samuel Chukwueze and Bruno Onyemaechi to furnish Youssef En-Nesyri with the chance to send a national team into a Cup of Nations final for the first time since 2004.
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The 28-year-old Fenerbahce striker swept home confidently past the Nigeria goalkeeper Stanley Nwabali and wheeled away before he was submerged by a pile of gleeful teammates.
The Moroccans entered the game on the back of a 23-match unbeaten streak which had taken them to the top of the African rankings.
Nigeria, containing two former African footballers of the year in the shapes of Victor Osimhen and Ademola Lookman, had been the most prolific team of the competition notching up 14 goals in their five games en route to the semi-final in Rabat.
But from the moment referee Dan Laryea blew the whistle, that dynamic duo and the rest of their accomplices were second best.
The passing that had scythed through the likes of Tunisia, Mozambique and Algeria was absent or wayward.
Akor Adams, so vibrant in previous games down the right wing was unable to link up consistently with the roving Lookman or Osimhen’s darts into space.
Starved of possession and angles reduced, the Nigerians sunk into listlessness or clumsiness on the ball.
Egypt dethrone Côte d’Ivoire to reach semis at the Africa Cup of Nations
On a rare sortie forward after 14 minutes, Lookman forced Bounou to beat away a shot.
But it was brief interlude in the Nigerian drama of pain.
The Moroccans kept them under the cosh but failed to inflict the killer blow.
Ayoub El Kaabi could not wrap his foot around a knockdown into the penalty area after 28 minutes to get his shot away.
Brahim Diaz’s curler skimmed past the post and Abdessamad Ezzalzouli twice tested Nwabali.
The pattern remained the same throughout the second-half: Moroccan domination without incision.
In the last four minutes of extra-time, Nigeria slowed the game down seemingly happy to be still alive after so much time spent chasing shadows.
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Following the two fluffed shots, their campaign ended to the delight of the mostly Moroccan fans in the 66,000 crowd at the Stade Prince Moulay Abdellah.
On Sunday night at the same venue, Achraf Hakimi will attempt to become the first Morocco skipper to lift the Africa Cup of Nations trophy since 1976.
His side will face Senegal who beat Egypt 1-0 in the first semi-final in Tangier.
Sadio Mané scored the only goal of the game in the 78th minute to terminate Egypt’s attempt to brandish a record-extending eighth continental crown.
Read or Listen to this story on the RFI website.
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Africa: Kenya Begin Preps for First-Ever Africa Futsal Cup Qualification

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NAIROBI — The national futsal team have commenced training for the Africa Cup of Nations qualifier tie against Namibia.
The 14-member squad reported to camp at the Kasarani Indoor Arena under the keen eye of head coach James Omondi.
Kenya play the southern Africans in the opening round of the qualifiers, with the first leg set for February 3-4, before the return tie, three days later.
Should they edge past Namibia, the home boys face Libya in the next round, with the chance to become among seven countries to join hosts Morocco at the continental competition.
Kenya have never qualified for the continental showpiece before but will be buoyed by their five-star performance at last year’s Asian Futsal Cup in Sri Lanka.
Final Squad
Mike Ochieng, Samwel Owiti, Anas Hamad, Shaban Mark, Kevin Omondi, Gift Mumo, Kelvin Odongo, Patrick Kaiser, Mohammed Hassan, Tony Kegode, Salim Abdullahi, Muthoni Newton, Lewis Ng’ang’a, Isaac Omweri,
Technical Bench
James Omondi (Head Coach), Joseph Mbugi (Assistant Coach), Patrick Nyale (Goalkeeper Trainer), Alfonce Onyango (Kit Manager), Evanson Ngugi ( Team Physio), Bruce Juma (Team Doctor), Suleiman Ngotho (Strength and Conditioning Coach),
Read the original article on Capital FM.
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