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Africa: Colonial-Era Borders Create Conflict in Africa's Oceans – How to Resolve Them

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Africa has 38 coastal and island nations. Their maritime industries – including energy, tourism, maritime transport, shipping and fishing – play a crucial role in developing these nations.
Key to harnessing these resources are Africa’s maritime boundaries – lines on a map showing the legal divisions of the ocean between neighbouring coastal states.
Some of these boundaries were created by colonial powers and kept after independence. Their purpose was to achieve territorial security and ensure the exclusive exploitation of resources and to maintain navigational freedom.
But Africa’s maritime boundaries sometimes lead to conflict, prevent cooperation on resource management and create room for maritime crimes, like illegal fishing. This is because they are often contested. Countries have overlapping claims and varying interests in resource exploration. This is common in maritime areas rich in oil, gas and fisheries, and deep seabed resources.
In our recent paper we found that using international law to resolve maritime boundaries does not always bring peace, especially when it results in ceding the disputed area to one party. It can result in animosity between countries and breed room for continued distrust among peoples.
Today, Africa has the most unresolved maritime boundary disputes in the world and the lowest number of settled boundary disputes.
As more ocean resources are discovered, climate change may heighten disputes. Rising sea levels can gradually submerge maritime zones, potentially affecting the baselines from which these zones are measured. This could create uncertainty or trigger new conflicts.
In our paper, we suggest a collaborative approach to resolving maritime disputes. We hope that this will help prevent many African countries from missing out on the benefits of their oceans.
Price of disputed boundaries
Disagreements over maritime boundaries can have many negative effects.
Research has shown that criminal activities tend to increase in disputed maritime boundaries. For instance, illegal fishers are aware that because there is dispute over a border, there will also be enforcement gaps.
Countries in dispute will also not work together and will not be sending patrols to contested areas. For instance, in 2016, a Chinese vessel escaped into Sierra Leone to avoid capture. When Guinean naval forces boarded the vessel for enforcement, there was an exchange of fire and 11 Guineans were detained by Sierra Leone.
When boundaries are disputed, it also means that local fishers are likely to encroach into neighbouring waters, often unknowingly, in search of better catches. Given the significance of fisheries to coastal livelihoods and the extent of depletion, this threatens peace and security. It fuels tension between communities and countries over access to dwindling resources.
Disagreements over maritime boundaries also diminish maritime security cooperation, complicate joint patrols, and divert attention from tackling shared threats such as piracy.
Colonialism never ended
Unfortunately, resolving maritime boundary disputes is complicated by a principle in international law known as uti possidetis juris – “as you possess under law”.
The principle says that when countries argue over borders, international law, built around colonial-era boundaries, is used to decide who gets what. This creates a “winner-takes-all” approach – one side gains control over the disputed area and resources. International courts, like the International Court of Justice and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, follow the provisions of law reinforcing uti possidetis.
Our examination of maritime boundary disputes in west and central Africa found that the principle of uti possidetis juris had failed to alleviate maritime boundary tensions. In some cases, it has exacerbated them.
One example is a maritime dispute between Cameroon and Nigeria decided in 2002. The dispute was over who had control of Bakassi, an oil-rich region, and its maritime frontier.
The uti possidetis juris principle upheld the lines drawn at the time of Nigeria’s independence and resulted in the ceding of Bakassi to Cameroon. The impact of the resolution lingers. To date, thousands of displaced Bakassi people that returned to Nigeria have yet to be resettled and reintegrated. Disputes also continue between fishers from Nigeria and Cameroonian law enforcement agents. In extreme cases, it results in death, like the alleged killing of 97 Nigerian fishers by Cameroonian marine police.
The way forward
In our paper, we recommend that courts, tribunals or disputing countries consider joint management agreements to resolve maritime disputes. Under such agreements, countries share and manage disputed maritime resources.
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These agreements will allow for the joint management of shared resources. It will also encourage cooperation and collaboration in other areas, such as joint operations to combat illegal fishing and piracy. While international courts may apply uti possidetis juris as required by law, countries should be encouraged to negotiate special arrangements – such as joint development agreements – as part of the resolution process. Especially in cases where livelihoods and longstanding community ties risk being disrupted by unilateral decisions or the ceding of disputed areas to one party.
While not perfect, this approach has already improved cooperation on security and resource use at sea. It has worked in places like Nigeria, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal and Guinea-Bissau. Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire also have a joint management framework in place for their shared boundaries to avoid future disputes.
Prolonged boundary disputes only enable criminal actors to exploit Africa’s resources, undermining collective progress. A shift towards collaborative solutions is essential for achieving a sustainable and prosperous future for the continent.
Ifesinachi Okafor-Yarwood, Lecturer in Sustainable Futures, University of St Andrews
This article is republished from The Conversation Africa under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
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Africa: GRA Hockey Teams in Zimbabwe for Africa Cup Club Championship

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The men and women’s hockey teams of the Ghana Revenue Authority (GRA) on Wednesday left for Harare, Zimbabwe, to represent Ghana at the 2026 Africa Cup Club Championship (ACCC), scheduled for January 24-31.
They secured the slots after impressive performances in the domestic league.
The men’s team finished second in the Salpholda Hockey League, while the women’s team were crowned champions to earn qualification to the continental showpiece.
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The Royal Ladies head into the tournament as defending champions of the women’s division and are aiming to defend their title and chase a historic sixth continental crown.
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They will open their campaign against Lakers Hockey Club of Kenya, before taking on Bulawayo Hockey Club and Hippo Hockey Club, both from Zimbabwe.
The GRA men’s team has been drawn into Pool B, where they will face Hotspurs, Bulawayo Hockey Club, and Hippo Hockey Club, all from Zimbabwe. The men are targeting a podium finish this year after previously ending their campaigns at the classification stage.
Speaking ahead of departure, women’s Head Coach, Ida Marmon, expressed confidence in her squad’s readiness and ambition.
“We are going to bring the trophy back. By God’s grace, we will return with it. The girls have trained well and I can confidently say they are 100 per cent fit for the competition,” she assured.
Madam Marmon added that she was not burdened by pressure heading into the tournament.
The Men’s Head Coach, Victor Sowah, is also confident his side would shine at the championship, saying, “So far, I believe we have done everything required in terms of preparation. The responsibility now lies with us to go there and perform according to plan,” he stated.
Addressing expectations, Coach Sowah noted that the men’s competition was always competitive and that reflected in the kind of training the team went through.
He acknowledged the defensive lapses observed during the league season but assured that corrective measures have been taken.
Coach Sowah commended the GRA administration for their immense support, adding that “the best way to appreciate the effort from management is to win the championship in both categories.”
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Read the original article on Ghanaian Times.
AllAfrica publishes around 400 reports a day from more than 90 news organizations and over 500 other institutions and individuals, representing a diversity of positions on every topic. We publish news and views ranging from vigorous opponents of governments to government publications and spokespersons. Publishers named above each report are responsible for their own content, which AllAfrica does not have the legal right to edit or correct.
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Africa: Beyond Shifting Power – Rethinking Localisation Across the Humanitarian Sector

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Abuja, Nigeria — For the last decade, many in the foreign aid sector have emphasised the need for localisation, and in the last 5 years, the calls have been louder than ever. I am one of such voices.
I believe that power should shift to local actors, who have a better understanding of local needs and culturally sensitive approaches to working in various communities. Late last year, while co-speaking on a panel about the future of the humanitarian sector, I heard a radical idea from international development professional Themrise Khan. She argued for the need to completely dismantle the humanitarian sector as it currently operates (note, the formal sector, and not humanitarianism itself).
This idea was reinforced when I read an opinion about how the ‘shifting of power’ we might see in the coming months/years, will be another form of neocolonialism as funds go directly to local entities… but with a caveat on what the funds should be used for, under the guise of the Global Goals or ‘allowable costs’.
This would restart a vicious cycle of political quid pro quo. Some people might argue that it is human nature for an entity to desire to influence how the funds they give are used. However, this negates the altruism that we all claim we subscribe to in the humanitarian world.
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The idea of ‘shifting power’ only works if local professionals, in tandem with the communities they serve, also determine where the fund should go and what it should fund. Funding local actors directly while still dictating the purpose of the funds is simply a redesign of a system that has failed
My two cents? The idea of ‘shifting power’ only works if local professionals, in tandem with the communities they serve, also determine where the fund should go and what it should fund. Funding local actors directly while still dictating the purpose of the funds is simply a redesign of a system that has failed.
Communities should have the freedom to interpret the Global Goals within their local contexts, as some of their needs are not fully captured in the way the Global Goals are articulated. That is true power. Besides, many communities already have ancestral practices and traditional approaches to solving some of their needs. What they may lack is structure, access to the corridors of power, sufficient funding or contemporary systems for measuring success.
This brings me to another issue: redefining what success is.
The fact is that radical change is incremental. It is never the work of a sole organisation, and it definitely does not happen within a 12-month cycle.
When engaging with communities, we ought to recognise that even a shift in understanding is itself a significant change. While intangible, such changes are the bedrock of long-term impact. So, yes, we may have engaged 1000 people, but we cannot expect that harmful traditions that have endured for ages will suddenly end because of a few awareness sessions.
Our Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning (MEL) metrics should focus on incremental change, such as increased understanding. This may be measured through shifts in language (how issues are described and understood) or in the adoption of new practices, even where harmful practices have not yet been fully phased out.
When success is viewed through such lenses, the pressure to provide a perfect scorecard eases; projects become more human-centred and make room for the complexity of human attitudes and decision-making. This is why we must invest in learning varied qualitative evaluation methods. Our current systems are skewed towards numbers alone, missing nuance and the real process of changemaking.
This shift also creates the proper canvas for storytelling as a tool for communicating impact. Stories show change over time in a way that remains with the audience.
This is not to say that numbers cannot achieve a similar result. Neither am I saying we should expunge numbers from MEL. Rather, stories capture our shared humanness.
They help people on opposite ends of the world see themselves in one another, and can be the reason someone chooses to click the donate button, gain a deeper understanding of an issue, or become an advocate for a cause far removed from their lived experience. While numbers show correlation, stories establish connection. This is why they are most powerful when used together.
In all of this- from project design to execution- humanitarian and development professionals need to adopt the role of facilitators.
For too long, we have spoken on behalf of communities, defining their needs and how they must be solved. While some of us have worked closely with these communities long enough to understand their realities, we must still create space for them to speak for themselves and self-advocate. The concept of localisation is not limited to foreign relations.
It also applies to us, the local actors. We must get as local as ‘local’ can get, and pass the microphone to the people who are most affected by the issues. Am I saying we cannot be advocates or design interventions based on past project performance? No. I am arguing that we become co-advocates.
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Our data-gathering processes must be inclusive, and where we are working with evidence from past interventions, we must be humble enough to ask if the data is still valid: how much has changed? What should we do differently? How can we involve the community even more? Thus, in closing out a project, we must always leave a window open for continuous data collection.
Ultimately, true localisation means centring the voices, agency, and aspirations of communities themselves. This is a lesson to both local and international development and humanitarian practitioners.
As the world order shifts, there is an opportunity for the Global Majority to achieve lasting impact. We must commit and take actionable steps to ensure that communities are architects of their own development journeys. We have a great opportunity now. Let’s seize it!
Angela Umoru-David is a creative social impact advocate whose experience cuts across journalism, inclusive program design, nonprofit management and corporate/development communications, and aims to capture a plurality of views that positively influence the African narrative.
Read the original article on IPS.
AllAfrica publishes around 400 reports a day from more than 90 news organizations and over 500 other institutions and individuals, representing a diversity of positions on every topic. We publish news and views ranging from vigorous opponents of governments to government publications and spokespersons. Publishers named above each report are responsible for their own content, which AllAfrica does not have the legal right to edit or correct.
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Africa: Africa Handball Nations Cup – Nigeria's Golden Arrows Zoom Into Quarter Final

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With emphatic wins over Algeria and Zambia in their opening two matches, Nigeria have now sealed a quarter-final berth and strengthened their bid for a place at the 2027 World Handball Championship in Germany
Nigeria’s Senior Men’s Handball Team, the Golden Arrows, delivered a commanding performance on Thursday, thrashing Zambia 36-18 to secure early qualification for the quarter-finals of the 25th Africa Men’s Handball Nations Cup in Kigali.
The victory, Nigeria’s second in Group A, confirmed their place in the knockout phase and underlined their growing status as one of the tournament’s most formidable sides.
Nigeria seized control of the contest from the opening exchanges, pairing compact defensive organisation with incisive attacking play. The Golden Arrows raced into a comfortable rhythm and went into the break with a seven-goal advantage, leading 17-10 at halftime.
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After the restart, the team coached by Rafiu Salami raised the tempo further, completely overwhelming their Zambian opponents. Swift ball circulation, clinical backcourt shooting and relentless pressure in defence left Zambia struggling to cope as the scoreline widened.
Right winger Azeez Sulaiman was the standout performer, producing a composed and influential display. The France-based player finished as Nigeria’s top scorer with eight goals and was deservedly named the Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the match.
Sulaiman received strong support across the court, with Faruk Yusuf and John Shagari contributing five goals each. Rotibi Victor and Hakeem Salami added four goals apiece, while Mustapha Mohammed and Kareem Ajibike chipped in with three goals each.
Dikko Ibrahim scored twice, while captain Stephen Sessugh and Cole Gbenga completed the scoring with a goal each, highlighting Nigeria’s depth and balance in attack.
At the other end of the court, the Golden Arrows were equally impressive. Zambia were limited to just eight goals in the second half as Nigeria’s disciplined defensive lines forced turnovers that regularly led to quick counter-attacks.
With emphatic wins over Algeria and Zambia in their opening two matches, Nigeria have now sealed a quarter-final berth and strengthened their bid for a place at the 2027 World Handball Championship in Germany.
The Golden Arrows will round off their Group A campaign against host nation Rwanda on Saturday, aiming to maintain their perfect record and carry momentum into the knockout stages.
Read the original article on Premium Times.
AllAfrica publishes around 400 reports a day from more than 90 news organizations and over 500 other institutions and individuals, representing a diversity of positions on every topic. We publish news and views ranging from vigorous opponents of governments to government publications and spokespersons. Publishers named above each report are responsible for their own content, which AllAfrica does not have the legal right to edit or correct.
Articles and commentaries that identify allAfrica.com as the publisher are produced or commissioned by AllAfrica. To address comments or complaints, please Contact us.
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