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Africa: Turning Africa's Legal Advantages Into Benefits for Climate Refugees

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On paper, Africa is ahead of the world on climate-linked migration, but needs support to implement its progressive frameworks.
The number of people displaced by extreme weather events in Africa rose 600% between 2009 and 2023, when 6.3 million were affected. Most of these disasters were floods and storms, followed by droughts and wildfires, landslides, erosion and extreme temperatures.
In every African region, changing weather patterns, severe droughts, storms and rising sea levels force people from their homes in search of safety and more sustainable livelihoods.
Africa has some of the most progressive legal frameworks worldwide for protecting people displaced by climate change. But countries have not yet applied these frameworks in a meaningful way.
Implementation is compromised by various factors, including rising nationalism and waning political will to support refugees. Limited resources, inadequate asylum systems and a dearth of legal precedents also play a role. Poor technical knowledge about how climate change intersects with more recognised drivers of displacement such as conflict and poverty, and how to apply laws accordingly, also constrains implementation.
Climate change was not a factor when international and African refugee and internal displacement conventions were created in 1951, 1969 and 1991 respectively. Yet these are important sources of protection for people forced to leave their homes by extreme weather events.
This week, leading refugee and human rights law experts launch a global Practical Toolkit to guide African and other governments in addressing the problem. The toolkit encompasses international and regional legal instruments in Africa, Latin America and Europe, with a particularly close analysis of Africa’s refugee criteria. It draws on existing legal principles to explain how climate change and disasters can help substantiate protection claims under these instruments.
By 2050, up to 5% (113 million) of Africa’s population of two billion could be on the move due to climate change, up from 1.5% today. Most will move within their countries, but cross-border mobility will also increase. Other migrants will lack the resources needed to move and be ‘trapped’ into forced immobility.
The links between climate change, insecurity and displacement are becoming increasingly clear. While climate change doesn’t directly cause conflict, it amplifies risks and fragilities. In parts of Africa with pre-existing tensions, weak governance and socio-economic problems, climate impacts can trigger violence, public unrest and displacement.
The five largest United Nations (UN)-led peace operations in Africa are deployed in countries rated as most vulnerable to climate change – Central African Republic, South Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mali and Sudan. Administrators, judges and refugee determination officers must understand these links to appropriately assess cases and determine how refugee laws should address climate-linked displacement.
On paper, Africa is ahead of the world in dealing with climate-linked mobility. The continent’s 1969 Organisation of African Unity Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa (OAU Convention) is widely celebrated for its expansive approach to refugee protection. The convention moves beyond the Eurocentricity of the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, to protect people fleeing more generalised conditions of unrest or upheaval in Africa.
The OAU Convention extends refugee protection to people compelled to leave their homes due to ‘events seriously disturbing public order.’ However, uncertainty remains within legal circles about exactly what qualifies. Historically, debates have focused on whether ‘natural’ events, such as disasters are included, or only ‘man-made’ disturbances, like conflict.
Over time, these debates have given way to a more nuanced recognition that disturbances to public order typically arise from myriad causes, including climate change or disaster impacts. When climate change and disasters generate or exacerbate risks of serious harm, those affected may have a valid refugee claim.
The 2009 African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) (Kampala Convention) was the world’s first (and is still the only) binding regional agreement protecting IDPs. It explicitly extends protection to people forced to flee ‘as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of … natural or human-made disasters.’
Africa has been similarly forward-thinking in developing free movement protocols that include climate-linked mobility considerations. Even though they are non-binding, these protocols can enable cross-border movement for people who could be denied other migration pathways or refugee protection.
The Economic Community of West African States and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) have free movement agreements for West and the Horn of Africa respectively. The IGAD 2020 Protocol on Free Movement of Persons is the only agreement globally that explicitly addresses climate change.
The Kampala Ministerial Declaration on Migration, Environment and Climate Change was signed by 11 East African countries in 2022. It is the first regional framework on mobility in the context of climate change.
Despite this progressive foundation, there is limited evidence of African countries applying these instruments in climate change situations. In 2011, drought led to widespread famine in Somalia, compounded by decades of violence, while neighbouring Kenya and Uganda suffered less. Although Kenya and Uganda recognised Somalians fleeing drought and famine as prima facie refugees, Kenya temporarily closed its border with Somalia, citing national security concerns.
Whereas countries have struggled to implement free movement and refugee frameworks in the context of climate change, the frameworks have significant potential. The AU, UN, academics and African states have called for these frameworks to be used, suggesting that political will does exist. The question is how to move from policy to practice.
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Building on research and guidance from the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, the Practical Toolkit being launched this week explains how climate change impacts may generate ‘events seriously disturbing public order’ – for example, in situations involving severe and/or sudden-onset disasters. Or this could occur in combination with other factors, including conflict and violence.
The toolkit also explains how slow-onset impacts, such as drought, can contribute to a disturbance to public order over time. It guides governments and decision makers on the kinds of evidence, or indicators, that can be used and how the principle of non-refoulement could further enhance protection.
Refugee protection and free movement protocols are not panaceas for people displaced by climate change. However, their role can and should increase. Governments should apply the toolkit, and civil society and lawmakers should improve their understanding of how climate change drives displacement.
Aimée-Noël Mbiyozo, Senior Research Consultant, Migration, ISS
Tamara Wood, Senior Research Fellow, Kaldor Centre for International Refugee Law, University of New South Wales
Read the original article on ISS.
AllAfrica publishes around 500 reports a day from more than 110 news organizations and over 500 other institutions and individuals, representing a diversity of positions on every topic. We publish news and views ranging from vigorous opponents of governments to government publications and spokespersons. Publishers named above each report are responsible for their own content, which AllAfrica does not have the legal right to edit or correct.
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AllAfrica is a voice of, by and about Africa – aggregating, producing and distributing 500 news and information items daily from over 110 African news organizations and our own reporters to an African and global public. We operate from Cape Town, Dakar, Abuja, Johannesburg, Nairobi and Washington DC.
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Africa: Expanding Market Access – Unlocking New Opportunities for Entrepreneurs

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Sometimes, one opportunity is all it takes to change the trajectory of a business. For many women in the WCW Programme, 2024 has been a year of breakthroughs – where barriers gave way to bridges, and small businesses found space to grow.
Thanks to focused coaching and training, WCW entrepreneurs opened the door to over 10 new markets, generating opportunities valued at more than US$200,000. With tailored procurement support, they went even further – securing five supplier partnerships in Tanzania and seven in Zambia. These aren’t just numbers. They’re new deals signed, new shelves stocked, and new markets won.
Behind this progress is WCW’s strong belief in insight before action. Partnering with a leading service provider, the programme is helping entrepreneurs decode market trends, customer behaviours, and competitor landscapes. Through boot camps in six countries, women are now equipped with sharper strategies to position and promote their businesses like pros.
In the agriculture and agro-processing sectors, WCW is collecting critical data to pinpoint entry barriers, market concentrations, and competitive pressures. These insights are more than academic – they’re fuelling policy advocacy aimed at making it easier for small businesses to enter and thrive in high-potential sectors.
Support is also happening behind the scenes. WCW has brought in seasoned service providers to guide entrepreneurs in securing offtake agreements – particularly in agribusiness, where the potential to scale is massive. Plans to roll out a collective/aggregation model are also underway, giving smaller businesses the power to move together and tap into bigger supply chains.
Key Voices:
“The programme helped me focus on customer needs, allowing me to improve service delivery and expand my product range.”
— Participant from Tanzania
“The WCW-I programme has been helping me develop confidence, refine operations, and expand my market reach.”
— Participant from Zambia
With clearer pathways and stronger partnerships, WCW is showing what’s possible when entrepreneurs are given the tools – and the trust – to lead their own growth.
Read the original article on Graça Machel Trust.
AllAfrica publishes around 500 reports a day from more than 110 news organizations and over 500 other institutions and individuals, representing a diversity of positions on every topic. We publish news and views ranging from vigorous opponents of governments to government publications and spokespersons. Publishers named above each report are responsible for their own content, which AllAfrica does not have the legal right to edit or correct.
Articles and commentaries that identify allAfrica.com as the publisher are produced or commissioned by AllAfrica. To address comments or complaints, please Contact us.
AllAfrica is a voice of, by and about Africa – aggregating, producing and distributing 500 news and information items daily from over 110 African news organizations and our own reporters to an African and global public. We operate from Cape Town, Dakar, Abuja, Johannesburg, Nairobi and Washington DC.
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US to ban artificial food dyes in cereals, snacks and beverages

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(BBC) US Health Secretary Robert F Kennedy Jr is set to announce a ban on certain artificial food dyes, according to a statement from the health agency.

Kennedy plans to announce the phasing out of petroleum-based synthetic dyes as a “major step forward in the Administration’s efforts to Make America Healthy Again” the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) said on Monday.

No exact dates for the changes were provided, but HHS said Kennedy would announce more details at a news conference on Tuesday.

The dyes – which are found in dozens of foods, including breakfast cereals, candy, snacks and beverages – have been linked to neurological problems in some children.

On the campaign trail alongside Donald Trump, Kennedy last year pledged to take on artificial food dyes as well as ultra-processed foods as a whole once confirmed to lead to top US health agency.

The move comes after the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) earlier this year banned one dye, Red Dye 3, from US food and pharmaceuticals starting in 2027, citing its link to cancer in animal studies. California banned the dye in 2023.

Most artificially coloured foods are made with synthetic petroleum-based chemicals, according to nutrition nonprofit Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI).

Some of the petroleum-based food dyes include Blue 1, used in candy and baked goods; Red 40, used in soda, candy, pastries and pet food; and Yellow 6, also used in baked goods and drinks. Synthetic food dyes are found in dozens of popular foods including M&M’s, Gatorade, Kool-Aid and Skittles.

The only purpose of the artificial food dyes is to “make food companies money”, said Dr Peter Lurie, a former FDA official and the president of CSPI.

“Food dyes help make ultra-processed foods more attractive, especially to children, often by masking the absence of a colorful ingredient, like fruit,” he said. “We don’t need synthetic dyes in the food supply, and no one will be harmed by their absence.”

Companies have found ways to eliminate many of the dyes in other countries, including Britain and New Zealand, said former New York University nutrition professor Marion Nestle.

For example, in Canada, Kellogg uses natural food dyes like carrot and watermelon juice to colour Froot Loops cereal, despite using artificial dyes in the US.

How harmful the synthetic dyes are is debatable, said Ms Nestle.

“They clearly cause behavioural problems for some – but by no means all – children, and are associated with cancer and other diseases in animal studies,” she said.

“Enough questions have been raised about their safety to justify getting rid of them, especially because it’s no big deal to do so,” she added. “Plenty of non-petroleum alternative dyes exist and are in use.”

In 2008, British health ministers agreed to phase out six artificial food colourings by 2009, while the European Union bans some colourings and requires warning labels on others.

In recent months, Kennedy’s food-dye ban has found momentum in several state legislatures. West Virginia banned synthetic dyes and preservatives in food last month, while similar bills have been introduced in other states.

The post US to ban artificial food dyes in cereals, snacks and beverages appeared first on ZNBC-Just for you.

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Africa: Captain Ibrahim Traoré – the Soldier Selling Africa False Hope

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Traoré’s anti-democratic posture is not a blueprint for development — it is a calculated strategy to entrench military rule under the guise of a populist revolution.
What Traoré is selling is not a radical reimagining of governance. It is an age-old authoritarian tactic: discredit democracy, invoke national pride, and suppress dissent — all while consolidating power… Since assuming power through a 2022 coup, Traoré has suspended political parties, cracked down on the press, and muzzled civil society organisations. He claims these actions defend national sovereignty and promote a “popular, progressive revolution.”
Clad in fatigues and fluent in fiery rhetoric, Captain Ibrahim Traoré of Burkina Faso has emerged as a poster child of a new wave of African populism. To his supporters, he is a revolutionary — bold, youthful, and principled.
To the disillusioned youth across the continent, he offers a seductive promise: progress without the inconveniences of democracy. But behind the revolutionary slogans and Sankara-inspired aesthetics lies a far less romantic reality.
Traoré’s anti-democratic posture is not a blueprint for development — it is a calculated strategy to entrench military rule under the guise of a populist revolution. Let us be clear, Africa has every right to interrogate the forms and functions of democracy on the continent.
For decades, many African states have endured dysfunctional governance, hollow elections, and endemic corruption — even under democratically elected leaders. But that frustration must not be manipulated into legitimising authoritarianism.
What Traoré is selling is not a radical reimagining of governance. It is an age-old authoritarian tactic: discredit democracy, invoke national pride, and suppress dissent — all while consolidating power.
Since assuming power through a 2022 coup, Traoré has suspended political parties, cracked down on the press, and muzzled civil society organisations. He claims these actions defend national sovereignty and promote a “popular, progressive revolution.”
But there is little “popular” about a regime that stifles dissent and sidelines citizen participation. Beneath the rhetoric, his governance follows a familiar authoritarian script: glorify the military, delegitimise the opposition, and centralise authority.
His framing of democracy as a Western construct is both lazy and intellectually dishonest. Democracy is not a Western invention — it is a universal aspiration. It is not perfect — no system is — but it provides tools for accountability, the protection of rights, and peaceful transitions of power.
Traoré’s assertion that no country has developed under democracy ignores glaring counterexamples: India, Indonesia, Botswana, Mauritius, and even South Africa — imperfect democracies that have made tangible developmental progress.
Democracy is not the enemy of progress; bad leadership is. Traoré frequently cites China and Rwanda as models of authoritarian success. But cherry-picking these exceptions while ignoring the graveyard of failed autocracies is deeply misleading.
For every China, there are countless Zimbabwes, Sudans, and Libyas — nations brought to their knees by unchecked power. Even China’s economic gains have come at great human cost: widespread censorship, suppression of dissent, and the erosion of personal freedoms — trade-offs many Africans are neither willing nor ready to accept.
In truth, Traoré’s appeal is more symbolic than substantive. His military garb, rejection of Western aid, and Pan-Africanist slogans serve a performative function — designed to project the image of a revolutionary, while masking the repressive nature of his regime.
It is political theatre, expertly staged for a generation hungry for change but jaded by the failures of democracy. And let us not be fooled by his youth or populist flair. Africa has seen this movie before.
From Mobutu in Zaire to Mengistu in Ethiopia, the continent’s post-independence history is littered with military strongmen who promised renewal but delivered repression. They all began with charismatic appeals and revolutionary fervour.
They all ended with censorship, violence, and economic ruin. Traoré’s growing popularity among young Africans — many of whom have no memory of the brutality of past military regimes — is understandable, but dangerous.
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Disillusionment with democracy should fuel reform, not nostalgia for dictatorship. Africa does not need another soldier-saviour. It needs strong institutions, functional systems, and an empowered citizenry — not one infantilised by authoritarian paternalism.
If Captain Traoré is genuinely committed to African sovereignty and development, let him invest in institution-building. Let him empower an independent judiciary, uphold press freedom, invest in civic education, and be accountable to the people — not just through speeches, but through action.
Anything less is not leadership — it is manipulation. The truth is, democracy does not fail because it is un-African. It fails when it is hijacked by corrupt elites, undermined by weak institutions, and eroded by poverty and exclusion.
The solution is not to discard democracy — but to fix it, to deepen it, to make it real. That is the only sustainable path to development, dignity, and self-determination.
Umar Farouk Bala writes from Abuja. He can be reached via: umarfaroukofficial@gmail.com.
Read the original article on Premium Times.
AllAfrica publishes around 500 reports a day from more than 110 news organizations and over 500 other institutions and individuals, representing a diversity of positions on every topic. We publish news and views ranging from vigorous opponents of governments to government publications and spokespersons. Publishers named above each report are responsible for their own content, which AllAfrica does not have the legal right to edit or correct.
Articles and commentaries that identify allAfrica.com as the publisher are produced or commissioned by AllAfrica. To address comments or complaints, please Contact us.
AllAfrica is a voice of, by and about Africa – aggregating, producing and distributing 500 news and information items daily from over 110 African news organizations and our own reporters to an African and global public. We operate from Cape Town, Dakar, Abuja, Johannesburg, Nairobi and Washington DC.
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